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~/A short, executable rant on why I dislike object initialization syntax

22 May 2015

void Main()
{
	// Why I ~~Hate~ Dislike Object Initialization Syntax
	// (executable in LinqPad)
	
	// There are three reasons why I despise initialization syntax for all but the most trivial
	// applications. The first two are fairly common and obvious:

	// 1. By design, a class built for object initialization syntax has to have public setters,
	// meaning that the resulting object is mutable.

	// 2. Because a constructor isn't used, there is no way for business rules or domain
	// invariants to be enforced. It is trivial to miss a value or set a value to something
	// that breaks a business rule, which can be difficult and annoying to debug and prevent.

	// The third reason is a bit less common and seems to defy expectations. It involves using
	// array initialization syntax inside of an object initializer.
	
	// This throws a null reference exception:
	
	//var brokens = new Brokens { Ints = { 1, 2, 3 } };
	
	// This is because Ints isn't initialised, and array initialization syntax is just 
	// syntactic sugar for foo.Add(1). You can see this if you try to declare your collection
	// as a straight-up array:
	
	//var brokensWithArray = new BrokensWithArray { Ints = { 1,2,3 } };
	// Build error: Cannot initialize object of type 'int[]' with a collection initializer
	
	// To get the same syntax to work, the class must initialize Ints in the
	// default constructor (a non-default constructor won't work):
	
	var works = new Works { Ints = { 1, 2, 3 } };
	
	// But as far as the consumer is concerned, Brokens and Works are equivalent (they have
	// matching public interfaces). This means hours of fun debugging!
	
	// This syntax also works, by initializing the list before adding the values:
	
	var worksUsingBrokens = new Brokens { Ints = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3 } };
	
	// This also works with a struct:
	
	var brokensStruct = new BrokensStruct { Ints = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3 } };
	
	// But since structs can't have parameterless public constructors, they can never use
	// the simpler object initialization syntax:
	
	//struct WorksStruct {
	//	public List<int> Ints { get; set; }
	//	public WorksStruct() {
	//		Ints = new List<int>();
	//	}
	//}
	// Build error: Structs cannot contain explicit parameterless constructors

	// The moral of the story: In C#, prefer using an explicit, parameterised constructor
	// over object initialization syntax. If you need a default constructor (eg. for
	// serialization), mark it with [Obsolete] to indicate your deep dissatifaction with
	// the code you have been forced to write.
}

// Define other methods and classes here
class Brokens {
	public List<int> Ints { get; set; }
}

class Works {
	public List<int> Ints { get; set; }
	
	public Works() {
		Ints = new List<int>();
	}
}

class BrokensWithArray {
	public int[] Ints { get; set; }
}

struct BrokensStruct {
	public List<int> Ints { get; set; }
}